Revolutionizing Architecture and Construction: The Synergy of Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things (AIoT) in Building Smart Structures

Raymond Kent, ASTC, Assoc AIA, LEED AP BD+C, Senior Technology Design Leader, Principal, DLR Group

Raymond Kent, ASTC, Assoc AIA, LEED AP BD+C, Senior Technology Design Leader, Principal, DLR Group

Rapid convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and artificial intelligence (AI) has been quite the hot topic in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction sector these days, especially with the news focusing on ChatGPT and Dali-2 creating some interesting (and cringe-worthy) results. Many industries are dipping their toes into how to integrate AI into their lives while others are jumping in with both feet. Google and Microsoft recently announced the integration of AI into their search engines and many social media platforms are integrating AI based tools to enhance the experience and further add creative flair to content development. The built environment is no different.

Many on both the design side and in construction are looking for ways to integrate AI into their processes to improve productivity, enhance design outcomes, and generate or analyze data that can be used in the design, construction, and operation of a project. One way is through the evolution of IoT devices within building management platforms that are driving energy efficiencies, occupant comfort, and creating mountains of data that inform building owners and operators about what is happening in their buildings.

Integration of AI into IoT devices that have become ubiquitous in building projects is not new, but the way that implementing and using AI is evolving at a faster pace than anyone had anticipated. This powerful alliance has revolutionized the way architects and construction professionals conceptualize, plan, and execute building projects. By harnessing AI and IoT technologies, architects and the construction industry can now deliver smarter buildings that are energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, and tailored to meet the evolving needs of occupants.

A key driver in this is that large amount of data being generated by IoT devices and what to do with it. Artificial intelligence can sift through and create actionable directives in real time, faster than its human counter parts and IoT can monitor far better than anyone when it comes to specific tasks. This ability also shifts in fundamental ways classic data storage and processing architectures related to how we process that data, transfer it over a network, and even treat it in the cloud. As we continue to create smarter buildings for our clients, this integration of AI and IoT will be a major component to the success of these projects and a better experience overall for its occupants.

Many of the major benefits of AIoT work behind the scenes in design and construction that the building’s owners and occupants are not even aware of. It starts with design where architects and engineers can leverage the power of AI through enhanced design visualization empowering architects to create visually stunning and functionally efficient structures. With the integration of AI-powered algorithms, architects can analyze vast amounts of data, including environmental conditions, geographical factors, and building materials. This analysis enables architects to optimize designs based on factors like solar orientation, energy consumption, and occupant comfort.

In addition, the combination of AI and IoT enables architects to create immersive virtual and augmented reality experiences during the design process that can be used as a communication platform with design team members, clients, and constructors alike locally within an office or virtually. When it comes to renovations of existing spaces design teams can leveraging IoT sensors capturing real-time data from physical spaces and use AI algorithms to transform that data into interactive virtual models. This allows stakeholders to experience and evaluate architectural designs before they are built, facilitating better decision-making, reducing design errors, and ensuring that the final project meets the desired goals.

The power of this combination can also aid in sustainability efforts where energy efficiency is a paramount concern for clients and communities.

The integration of AI and IoT enables architects to develop intelligent systems for energy management within buildings. IoT sensors embedded in various components of a structure, such as lighting, heating, ventilation, and mechanical systems, so that a completed building can collect real-time data on energy usage and environmental conditions.

This data can then be analyzed allowing buildings to optimize energy consumption based on occupancy patterns, weather conditions, and time of day. Then machine learning algorithms can learn from historical data to predict energy demands and adjust the settings, accordingly, resulting in significant energy savings, lower maintenance and operating costs, and improved ROI on systems integration. By creating intelligent systems that automatically respond to environmental changes and occupant behaviors, architects can deliver buildings that are not only sustainable but also provide optimal comfort and operational efficiency. The combination of AI and IoT monitoring, and optimization deployed throughout a building capture data on various parameters, including temperature, humidity, air quality, and structural integrity continuously transmitting to an AI-powered analytics platform, which monitors the building's performance in real-time.

Predictive systems through AI algorithms, potential issues or anomalies are quickly detected, enabling proactive maintenance, and minimizing downtime. For instance, if a sensor detects abnormal temperature fluctuations in an HVAC system, AI can automatically trigger a maintenance request before a major failure occurs. This predictive maintenance approach improves the longevity of building systems, reduces repair costs, and enhances the overall safety and reliability of the structure.

AI and IoT technologies also play a crucial role in enhancing the comfort and experience of building occupants. By utilizing IoT sensors and AI-powered algorithms, architects can create intelligent buildings that adapt to the needs and preferences of occupants. For example, sensors embedded in a building can collect data on factors such as lighting levels, temperature, and occupancy patterns within a floor, region, or individual area depending on the level of detail an owner wants to monitor. AI algorithms then analyze this data to adjust the environment, accordingly, perfecting lighting levels, temperature, and air quality in real-time based on occupancy loads, tasks, or individual preference. Occupants can also interact with the building through voice-controlled assistants or mobile applications, enabling personalized control over various aspects of their environment.

This integration of AI and IoT not only improves the design side and the building occupants experience, but also improves the construction process through materials control, staging, construction staffing improvements, safety, and progress analytics. This can improve response time to in-field changes or unforeseen conditions what heading off delays and errors in the field that can frustrate everyone and reduce profit. Additionally, it can work to manage who is at the job site and where they are and when. This can improve staging of sub-contractors and specialists who may need to be working in advance of other trades. It also helps, should an emergency arise, of knowing where everyone is to aid first responders and reduce liabilities in work-place hazards on a construction site.

AI and IoT Technologies also play a Crucial Role in Enhancing the Comfort and Experience of Building Occupants. By Utilizing IoT Sensors and AI-Powered Algorithms, Architects can Create Intelligent Buildings that Adapt to the Needs and Preferences of Occupants

Materials tracking and analytics also helps reduce theft, quantity overruns, and storage issues on site while also keeping design teams informed of progress and accuracy to design documentation beyond a traditional submittal process. Additionally, automatic ordering of supplies can free up staff to focus on the meat of the work rather than be inventory control.

With the good, there is also the potentially bad. Sensors are limited in what they can monitor and report out, often due to internal capacity. Higher processing requires more power and typically a larger sized device. AI integration can aid in this through intelligent data selection based on external inputs making changes in real time beyond their older cousins where limited tasks were fixed to a specific thing and only that thing. Communication between devices, similar or otherwise, can expand this capability but security of that mesh network needs to be accounted for. Integration of blockchain technology can work to shore up any potential interference from bad actors or errant devices that could bring a job site to a halt.

Overall, we are seeing this technology grow rapidly with innovative technologies coming out on the market daily. In this next evolution of IoT devices with AI integration, just like the original IoT release, several products will come to market without being fully vetted. It will be a buyer beware scenario until it reaches a maturity level where kinks can be worked out. Until then, I for one and excited at what the future of design and construction holds with this new elevated tool.

Raymond Kent, ASTC, Assoc AIA, LEED BD+C is an award-winning Senior Design Leader in technology design at DLR Group, a global architecture and engineering firm. He has written extensively on IoT, artificial intelligence, and other emerging technologies in the AEC industry and frequently presents at major technology conferences. Raymond also provides research into innovative technologies for a variety of scenarios in the AEC industry including on sustainability and technology and smart building design and serves on several boards and advisory councils within this field.